5 g technology research papers
The introduction of the fifth generation 5G of wireless communication will increase the number of high-frequency-powered base stations and other devices. The question is if such higher frequencies in this review, 6— GHz, millimeter waves, MMW can have a health impact. This review analyzed 94 relevant publications performing in vivo or in vitro investigations. Each study was characterized for: study type in vivo, in vitro , biological material species, cell type, etc. The responses affected all biological endpoints studied. There was no consistent relationship between power density, exposure duration, or frequency, and exposure effects.
5g Technology
The introduction of the fifth generation 5G of wireless communication will increase the number of high-frequency-powered base stations and other devices. The question is if such higher frequencies in this review, 6— GHz, millimeter waves, MMW can have a health impact. This review analyzed 94 relevant publications performing in vivo or in vitro investigations. Each study was characterized for: study type in vivo, in vitro , biological material species, cell type, etc. The responses affected all biological endpoints studied.
There was no consistent relationship between power density, exposure duration, or frequency, and exposure effects. The available studies do not provide adequate and sufficient information for a meaningful safety assessment, or for the question about non-thermal effects.
There is a need for research regarding local heat developments on small surfaces, e. Our quality analysis shows that for future studies to be useful for safety assessment, design and implementation need to be significantly improved. Recent decades have experienced an unparalleled development of technologies that are categorized as information and communication technologies ICT , which include wireless communication used for mobile telephony MP and e.
Subsequently, the second 2G , third 3G , and fourth 4G, LTE generations increased their penetration rates in the society in a dramatic way, so that today there are more devices than inhabitants of the Earth. In addition, Wi-Fi and other forms of wireless data transfer have become ubiquitous, and are globally available.
At present we are starting to introduce the next generation, 5G, of mobile networks. Importantly, 5G is not a new technology, but an evolution of already existing G1 to G4 technologies. With the upcoming deployment of 5G mobile networks, significantly faster mobile broadband speeds and increasingly extensive mobile data usage will be ensured.
This is made possible by the use of additional higher frequency bands. In addition, 5G is considered the base technology for the Internet of Things IoT , where machines communicate with machines M2M communication.
At the same time, a change in the exposure to electromagnetic fields EMF of humans and the environment is expected see, for example [ 1 , 2 ]. The 5G networks will work with within several different frequency bands Table 1 , of which the lower frequencies are being proposed for the first phase of the 5G networks. Several of these frequencies principally below 1 GHz; Ultra-high frequencies, UHF have actually been or are presently used for earlier mobile communication generations.
Furthermore, much higher radio frequencies RF are also planned to be used at later stages of technology evolutions. These latter bands have traditionally been used for radars and microwave links.
The introduction of wireless communication devices that operate in the high frequency parts of the electromagnetic spectrum has attracted considerable amounts of studies that focus on health concerns.
These studies encompass studies on humans epidemiology as well as experimental studies , on animals, and on in vitro systems. Summaries and conclusions from such studies are regularly published by both national and international committees containing relevant experts see e. There is further no scientific support for that effects on other health parameters occur at exposure levels that are below exposure guideline levels, even though some research groups have published non-carcinogen related findings after RF exposure at such levels see [ 4 , 5 ].
Environmental aspects of this technological development are much less investigated. Frequencies in the MMW range are used in applications such as radar, and for some medical uses. Occupational exposure to radars have been investigated in some epidemiological studies, and the overall conclusion is that this exposure does not constitute a health hazard for the exposed personnel [ 7 ]. This is due to that exposures for all practical purposes are below the guideline levels and thus not causing tissue heating.
However, further studies are considered necessary concerning the possible cancer risk in exposed workers. Medical use of MMW has been recently reviewed [ 8 , 9 ] suggesting a possibility for certain therapeutic applications, although the action mechanisms are unclear. The 5G networks and the associated IoT will greatly increase the number of wireless devices compared to the present situation, necessitating a high density of infrastructure.
Thus, a much higher mobile data volume per geographic area is to be created. Consequently, it is necessary to build a higher network density because the higher frequencies have shorter ranges.
The question that arises, is whether using the higher frequencies can cause health effects? These limits, which have considerable safety factors included, are set so that exposure will not cause thermal damage to the biological material thermal effects.
It should be pointed out that the present ICNIRP guidelines [ 10 ] are currently being revised, and new versions are to be expected in the near future. In addition, ICNIRP proposes two categories of recommendations: 1 the basic restriction values based on proven biological effects from the exposure and 2 the reference levels given for the purpose of comparison with physical value measurements.
This is due to that only surface heating occurs since the penetration depth is so small at these frequencies. Therefore any calculations of the Specific Absorption Rate SAR values, that take larger volumes into consideration, are not reasonable to perform. The penetration depth of MMW is very shallow, hence the exposed surface area and not the volume is considered.
It is of course too early to forecast the actual exposures to 5G networks. However, the antennas planned for 5G will have narrow antenna beams with direct alignment [ 12 ] to the receiving device.
This could possibly significantly reduce environmental exposure compared to the present exposure situation. However, it is also argued that the addition of a very high number of 5G network components will increase the total EMF exposure in the environment, and that higher exposures to the higher frequencies can lead to adverse health effects.
Therefore, the question arises, what do we know so far about the effects on biological structures and on health due to exposure to the higher frequency bands in this review we consider 6— GHz, since lower frequencies have been extensively investigated due to their use in already existing wireless communication networks? Is there relevant health-oriented research using the 5G technology relevant frequencies?
Is there relevant research that can make a significant contribution to improving the risk assessment of exposure to the general population? Answers to these questions are necessary for a rapid and safe implementation of a technology with great potential. This review takes into account scientific studies that used frequencies from 6 GHz to GHz as the source of exposure. The review is based on available data in the field of public literature, papers written in English until the end of PubMed database: www.
In addition, more refined research was conducted when necessary from sources that were not included in the above-mentioned databases relevant abstracts from conferences, abstract books, and archives of journals. The resulting studies were examined for technical and scientific data and presented in the supplementary Table S1. Next we defined necessary criteria for study quality, both from a biomedical and physical point of view see [ 13 ].
The studies were analysed with reference to a minimum of criteria in terms of experimental design and implementation. The study is divided into a descriptive part, which covers the description of all selected studies, their exposure conditions, frequency ranges 6 GHz to GHz , dose levels, etc. Review articles were not considered. The outcomes of the studies were furthermore analyzed and discussed according to frequency domains, and power density and exposure duration.
If appropriate, we include an evidence-based interpretative part regarding risk from exposures according to the criteria of SCHEER [ 15 ]. In the following, health-related published scientific papers dealing with frequencies from 6 GHz to GHz using the term MMW for all the frequencies are described in detail.
It should be noted that there are no epidemiological studies dealing with wireless communication for this frequency range, thus, this review will cover studies performed in vivo and in vitro.
Since such effects are considered to be not due to warming, they are termed non-thermal effects. Since the list of these endpoints is relatively long, we have not mentioned them in detail, but summarized them in groups: Physiological, neurological, histological changes, or in in vitro studies gene or protein expression, cytotoxic effects, genotoxic changes, and also temperature-related reactions.
The table contains the following information: frequency, in vivo or in vitro study the latter distinguishes between primary cells and cell lines , power density, exposure duration, biological endpoints, and response. Some studies lack information on individual parameters. For example, a publication had to be excluded completely because there was no information about the frequency.
In nine studies the power density data were absent and in seven studies the calculated SAR values were provided instead of the power density. In ten studies, the exposure time was not given. The 45 in vivo studies were mainly conducted on mammals mouse, rat, rabbit and a few on humans.
In some studies, bacteria, fungi, and other living material were also used for the experiments. All identified studies were analyzed as a function of frequency. For this purpose, frequency domains groups have been created Figure 1 to analyze and illustrate the results. The frequency groups from 30 to 60 GHz were grouped in ten-GHz increments up to 30, The frequency range 60—65 GHz was extra analyzed as in this group a larger number of publications was identified in comparison to the other groups.
Due to the low number of publications above As shown in Figure 1 , the majority of studies show a frequency-independent response after MMW exposure. The number of publications as a function of frequency domains. The black line represents the total number of publications, and bars represent the in vivo dark blue and in vitro light blue studies with biological responses.
All data regarding the individual papers are found in Table S1. Unfortunately, there are only two publications in this group, both showing responses to the MMW exposure. A study that was conducted on bacteria and fungi showed an increase in cell growth [ 58 ].
The other in vitro study was performed on fibroblasts 25 GHz, 0. A graphical presentation of the outcomes is presented in Figure 1 for this and all other frequency domains. In all in vivo studies responses were described after exposure [ 25 , 27 , 36 , 37 , 55 , 56 , 78 , 79 , 87 , 91 , , ].
Endpoints ranged from recorded footpad edema, which is a frequent endpoint for the measurement of inflammatory responses, to morphological changes, changes in skin temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, neuronal electrical activity, and EEG analyses.
Protein expression studies, oxidative stress marker measurements, histological investigations, and induction of cell death apoptosis were performed. Only one study used lower power densities 0. The authors determined the frequency-dependent anti-inflammatory effect as a function of power density and exposure duration and did not rule out temperature-related effects. Eight in vitro studies were performed [ 18 , 20 , 47 , 91 , 97 , 99 , , ] of which seven reported responses.
In one study [ 99 ], human blood cells ex vivo were exposed to MMW for 5, 15 and 30 min The activation of the cells was examined in the presence or absence of bacteria. It was shown that in the presence of bacterial activation and after 15 min of exposure, the cells were activated to release free radicals.
These results were similar to the heated samples positive controls , so a temperature effect is plausible. The induction of differentiation of bone marrow cells in to neuronal phenotype cells was also demonstrated In two studies, temperature-related reactions were described at the protein level [ 18 , 91 ].
When the cell cultures were cooled during exposure to prevent the induced temperature increase, no responses were detected. Unfortunately, the minimum quality criteria were not fulfilled in any of the three studies, mainly because there were no temperature controls. In the
The paper throws light on the evolution and development of various generations of mobile In 5G research is being made on development of World user criteria. KEY CONCEPT: Evolution from 1G-5G, 5G Network Architecture, Need of 5G. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology ISSN: . Volume No. 7, Issue Key words: 5G wireless technology, evolution from 1G to 5G 4G works the same as 3G and may be regarded as the.
Mobile and wireless networks have made significant improvement in the last few years. At the current time many mobile phones have also a WLAN adapter. We are using IP for generations, 2.
In operations of increasingly complex telecommunication networks, characterization of a system state and choosing optimal operation in it are challenges.
The global 5G development is accelerating, and the industry is embracing 5G. The arrival of 5G is
5G IEEE PAPER 2016
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What 5G means for our health
As an enhancement of cellular networks, the future-generation 5G network can be considered an ultra-high-speed technology. The proposed 5G network might include all types of advanced dominant technologies to provide remarkable services. Consequently, new architectures and service management schemes for different applications of the emerging technologies need to be recommended to solve issues related to data traffic capacity, high data rate, and reliability for ensuring QoS. Cloud computing, Internet of things IoT , and software-defined networking SDN have become some of the core technologies for the 5G network. Cloud-based services provide flexible and efficient solutions for information and communications technology by reducing the cost of investing in and managing information technology infrastructure. In terms of functionality, SDN is a promising architecture that decouples control planes and data planes to support programmability, adaptability, and flexibility in ever-changing network architectures. However, IoT combines cloud computing and SDN to achieve greater productivity for evolving technologies in 5G by facilitating interaction between the physical and human world. The major objective of this study provides a lawless vision on comprehensive works related to enabling technologies for the next generation of mobile systems and networks, mainly focusing on 5G mobile communications.
Good question!
